Background: Histoplasmosis is a rare infectious disease caused by Histoplasmosis capsulatum (H. capsulatum), a dimorphic fungus. Histoplasmosis is not endemic to Thailand. Cases of histoplasmosis are sporadic and mostly associated with HIV disease The acute phase of histoplasmosis is characterized by nonspecific respiratory symptoms, often cough or flu-like. Chest X-ray findings are normal in 40-70% of cases. Chronic histoplasmosis cases can resemble tuberculosis; disseminated histoplasmosis affects multiple organ systems and is fatal unless treated Histoplasmosis is an infection that occurs when we inhale a fungus called Histoplasma capsulatum. This infection affects the lungs, but can also affect the bone marrow, adrenal glands, digestive tract, brain and joints. The cause of histoplasmosis is the fungus Histoplasma capsulatu Symptomatic infections (1%) usually present 3 to 17 days after exposure. Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis is often self-limiting; symptoms include fever, malaise, cough, headache, chest pain, chills, and myalgias. Persons with a history of pulmonary disease can develop chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis Histoplasma is a thermally dimorphic fungus found in nature. Soil contaminated with bird droppings or excrements of bats is the common natural habitat for Histoplasma. Although it is claimed to exist worldwide, tropical areas are where this fungus is more frequently encountered. It is endemic in the Tennessee-Ohio-Mississippi river basins
Histoplasmosis is a systemic intracellular mycotic disease caused by dimorphic fungus, H. capsulatum. It usually occurs by the inhalation of microconidia by the host, deposit in alveoli and rapidly convert to a parasitic yeast form in tissues. This germination and conversion can occur prior to or after ingestion by pulmonary macrophages Histoplasma capsulatum is an intracellular, thermally dimorphic fungi (grows as a yeast in body temperature/37°C in humans, mammals or in culture media and as mold in 25°C in environment/culture media) of medical importance that can survive within macrophages for an extended period. This fungal pathogen is associated with birds or bat droppings Key features of pulmonary histoplasmosis Representative radiographs of various manifestations of histoplasmosis. (A) Acute pulmonary histoplasmosis with bilateral lower lobe airspace disease, hilar..
CHARACTERISTICS: Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus(1). The filamentous mould form is found in the environment and can be cultured in conditions below 35ºC using general fungal media. When it is present in tissue or grown in cultures, using brain heart infusion agar or brain heart infusion with blood at temperatures greater than 35ºC, it grows to a yeast form, which appear as small oval buds of 2-4 um(1) ADVERTISEMENT: Radiopaedia is free thanks to our supporters and advertisers. Become a Gold Supporter and see no ads The genus, Histoplasma contains one species, H. capsulatum, H. capsulatum has two varieties: Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum and H. capsulatum var. duboisii ( causative agent of African histoplasmosis) Habitat: Soil contaminated with bird droppings or excrement of bats is the common natural habitat for Histoplasma. Although it is claimed. Histoplasma capsulatum is a fungal pathogen that can result in a wide range of clinical presentations, from asymptomatic through fatal infection. It usually causes lung disease called Histoplamosis or Darling's disease. It is called Darling's disease because it was found by Samuel Darling in histopathologic specimens about a century ago
Fever, headache, malaise, myalgia, abdominal pain, and chills are common symptoms; usually, histoplasmosis is self-limited. Individuals exposed to a large inoculum may develop severe dyspnea.. Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus, which can lead to the second most common fungal infections after candidiasis in immunocompromised IBD patients. It is isolated from endemic areas, such as river valleys of Ohio, Missouri, and Mississippi in the United States. Histoplasmosis is caused by inhaling airborne spores Histoplasmosis is the most prevalent endemic mycosis in the United States. While most infections are asymptomatic or self-limited, some individuals develop acute pulmonary infections or severe and progressive disseminated infection
The clinical characteristics of proven and possible histoplasmosis cases were not significantly different. Disseminated histoplasmosis was the most frequent clinical presentation (15/16, 94%). The median CD4+ T cell count among individuals with histoplasmosis was 33 cells/mL (IQR 10-59), lower than HIV individuals with a different IFI, but not statistically significant (38 cells/mL, IQR 10-59, p = 0.84) Impaired cell-mediated immunity is an important predisposing factor to disease Answers Key (MCQ Mycology) 1. a (Histoplasma capsulatum) 2. c (septate hyphae) 3. b (Sporothrix) 4. b (Sporothrix schenckii, it causes rose gardener's disease) 5. c (Malassezia furfur) 6. d (incorrect statement is: pathogenesis is related primarily to the production of exotoxin A.) 7. a (candidiasis, cryptococcosis, and sporotrichosis) 8. a (person to person transmission) 9. c (adherence of the organism to. Histoplasma capsultatum is a zoonotic fungal pathogen, commonly found in soils and bird feces, that affects the respiratory system ( Ajello, 1964 ). In endemic areas of the United States as much as 80 to 90% of the human population is infected ( Rubin et al., 1959 ). Fewer than 10% of those who inhale airborne spores develop a pulmonary infection 6-c) Histoplasmosis 7-a) Hen 8-a) Nose 9-c) The usual entry of pathogen is through the skin abrasions 10-a) Dogs 11-a) Histoplasma capsulatum 12-c) Paracoccidioides brasiliensis 13-d) Cryptococcus spp 14-a) Histoplasma capsulatum 15-b) Arthroconidi
Symptoms of Histoplasmosis. The symptoms of Histoplasmosis depend on where in the body the fungus is growing. Histoplasmosis most commonly affects the sinuses or lungs. Symptoms of sinus infections include fever, headache, and sinus pain. Lung infections with the fungus can cause fever and cough Diagnosis of histoplasmosis. H capsulatum was cultured from lymph node biopsies of 3 patients and from blood and sputum of a fourth (Table 1). Histolog- ic sections of the lymph nodes from 2 of these patients, as well the bone marrow specimens, contained large Table 1. Patient characteristics and criteria for diagnosis of histoplasmosis Chapter 22 The Fungi of Medical Importance. Exposure to Histoplasmosis capsulatum is most likely when disturbing dirt contaminated with ____ from bird and bat guano. Fungal spores are normally found distributed in all of the following EXCEPT ______. Multiple choice question. Nice work
The histo-inhibitory factor (HIF) derived from homogenates of liver or kidney from hamsters infected withHistoplasma capsulatum has been fractionated by column chromatography. It shows maximum absorption at 280 mµ, has a molecular weight of 142,000 and can be eluted from DEAE-cellulose or DEAE-Sephadex A—50 with 0.02 M phosphate — 4 M sodium chloride (1 : 1)HIF can be eluted. Histoplasmosis is a disease caused by an infection with a fungus known as Histoplasma capsulatum, which is common in the environment, most frequently in association with bird or bat droppings.Some people also refer to the disease as cave disease. The infection can cause a lung disease similar to pneumonia in some people. In some cases, the infection spreads throughout the body, known as. 4. Histoplasmosis is a systemic intracellular mycotic disease, mostly of the reticulo-endothelial system, manifesting itself in the bone marrow, lungs, liver, and the spleen caused by the inhalation of the fungus. In fact, hepatosplenomegaly is the primary sign in children, while in adults, histoplasmosis more commonly appears as pulmonary disease Habitat. Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic ascomycete that grows in its hyphal form in soil and bird and bat guano.; The natural habitat of capsulatum is the soil and has also been recovered most frequently from soil material contaminated with bird or bat droppings.; Unlike bats, birds do not become infected with capsulatum and their droppings serve as a nutrient source for the fungus. Use of antigen testing to monitor therapy for progressive disseminated histoplasmosis. Histoplasma antigen can be detected in the urine in >90% of patients and in the serum in 80% of patients who have disseminated histoplasmosis, and this measurement is commonly used as an aid to early diagnosis (MiraVista Diagnostics)
• Nodule and patient features can be used to estimate the probability of malignancy • This probability can determine the next step(s) • Long term follow up, PET scan, Surgery, etc., • The PET scan has a very high NPV in the right scenario • Benign features of nodules should allow conservative managemen Studies on histoplasmosis IV. Elution characteristics of the histo-inhibitory factor (HIF). O'Hern EM, Fishbein L. Mycopathologia et Mycologia Applicata, 01 Oct 1968, 36(1): 33-41 DOI: 10.1007/bf02057164 PMID: 5748624 PMCID: PMC7101975. Free to read & use . Share this. BACKGROUND: Histoplasmosis is a rare infectious disease caused by Histoplasmosis capsulatum (H. capsulatum), a dimorphic fungus. Histoplasmosis is not endemic to Thailand. Cases of histoplasmosis are sporadic and mostly associated with HIV disease. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of.
Histoplasmosis (Histoplasma capsulatum) is stated to occupy an increasingly important place among acute and chronic infectious diseases in the United States, especially in the Mississippi Valley. The majority of cases are asymptomatic, benign, and localized, but in a small percentage the infection may become systemic, assuming an acute or chronic form Histoplasma capsulatum-Histoplasmosis and Types of Histoplasmosis, Pathogenesis, Lab diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control Histoplasma capsulatum. It is a thermally dimorphic fungi exist either yeast or mold form. There are two varities of Histoplasma-capsulatum var dubosii; capsulatum var capsulatu Studies onHistoplasma capsulatum and similar form species. II. Effect of temperature. Mycologia32: 671-680. Google Scholar 9. Howell, A. Jr. 1941. Studies onHistoplasma capsulatum and similar form species. III. Effect of hydrogen ion concentration. Mycologia33: 103-117. Google Scholar 10 Recall the characteristics of histoplasmosis capsulatum Review what histoplasmosis is Learn about how histoplasmosis is diagnosed and treated; Practice Exams. Final Exa Histoplasmosis is caused by inhalation of the microconidia of Histoplasma spp. fungus, which are thermally dimorphic (i.e., environmental mold which converts to a yeast at 37°C).Infection can range from asymptomatic to life-threatening disease, depending on host status, inoculum size, and other factors ().In the United States, histoplasmosis-endemic areas were established during the 1940s.
Participants are expected to understand the clinical features of histoplasmosis and how these patients will present to you in a practice setting, methods of definitive diagnosis, and management strategies for dogs and cats infected with histoplasmosis. Topics. feline intestinal disease, Clinical signs, organ systems infected, diagnosis. Histoplasmosis is a fungal disease of the respiratory system and most commonly occurs in the Mississippi Valley of the United States and in parts of Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia. The causative agent, Histoplasma capsulatum, is a dimorphic fungus. This microbe grows as a filamentous mold in the environment but occurs as. Histoplasmosis is a lung disease caused by a fungus called Histoplasma capsulatum. While histoplasmosis primarily affects the lungs, it can also be disseminated or extrapulmonary. Assess the patient's vital signs and characteristics of respirations at least every 4 hours. To assist in creating an accurate diagnosis and monitor. This article provides a complete insight into the wide field of mycology and explains the characteristics of fungi, fungal diseases and more. General mycology , fungi classification , microscopic fungus evidence , specialized mycology , dermatophytes , dimorphous fungi . Read more here
Histoplasmosis and penicilliosis 67 Table 1 Age, sex, and underlying diseases of patients with histoplasmosis and penicilliosis at Srinagarind Hospital, Thailand 1996—2002. Number of patients Histoplasmosis (n = 32) Penicilliosis (n = 36) Age in years (mean SD) 32.9 6.8 34.4 9.7 Sex (male:female) 3.6:1 4.1:1 Underlying diseas Among 100 patients with histoplasmosis in an e... Temporal Trends, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes of Histoplasmosis in a Tertiary Care Center in Kentucky, 2000 to 2009 - Thein Myint, Majdi N. Al-Hasan, Julie A. Ribes, Brian S. Murphy, Richard N. Greenberg, 201 Although most studied characteristics of histoplasmosis were similar, notable age-related differences were present. Chronic cavitary disease and asymptomatic histoplasmosis were more common with older age. In acute histoplasmosis, the lack of chest pain and hilar lymphadenopathy may hinder diagnosis in older adults Characteristics of Fungi. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms. Reproduction in fungi is both by sexual and asexual means. Yeasts are unicellular fungi that do not produce hyphae. Examples: Candida albicans, Aspergillus, Blastomyces, Coccidioides, Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma, Pneumocystis jirovecii, etc This article is from March 2008 and may contain outdated material. Classically described as endemic to a geographic belt in the central United States that includes the Ohio River Valley and the Mississippi River Valley, Histoplasma capsulatum, a dimorphic mold, can affect the eye in multiple ways. Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (OHS) refers to a spectrum of disease extending from granulomatous.
Histoplasmosis is a deep mycosis due to a fungus, Histoplasma capsulatum, which possesses two varieties, namely, Histoplasma capsulatum var. Capsulatum, an agent of the so-called American histoplasmosis (wrongly, because of global distribution), and Histoplasma capsulatum var. duboisii, an agent of African histoplasmosis . They are rarely. Histoplasmosis is a rare mycosis with nonspecific clinical manifestation and a high misdiagnosis rate, which is an epidemic disease that occurred in several endemic areas. Cases of histoplasmosis were sporadic in China. Objective. We detected the clinical characteristics and endemic trend of histoplasmosis to understand it more profoundly. Metho
Disease characteristics could be retrieved from 78 out of 83 cases (94%) (Table3). Of these, 62 presented with a disseminated form of histoplasmosis, 12 had isolated pul-monary histoplasmosis, 2 had an isolated central nervous system infection, 1 suffered from laryngeal histoplasmosis and 1 had an isolated bone infection. The most commonl Objective To analyze and sum up the clinical characteristics of disseminated histoplasmosis(DH) so as to improve the levels of diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Methods Retrospective analysis and summing up of the complete clinical data of 8 inpatients with DH were carried out the diagnosis of which had been confirmed by bone marrow cytomorphology and/or bone marrow fungus cultivation Patient characteristics for 3,409 histoplasmosis cases reported to public health departments, 12 US states, 2011-2014 Table 2. Positive histoplasmosis laboratory test results among 1,929 histoplasmosis cases reported to public health departments, 9 US states, 2011-2014 Table 3. Patient factors associated with hospitalization or death among. AIMS/BACKGROUND The syndrome of ocular histoplasmosis is usually prefaced by 'presumed' as the aetiology is not yet clear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical features of a similar ocular syndrome in the Netherlands where the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum is not endemic. METHODS A retrospective multicentre study in which all patients were included who were diagnosed with a.
General characteristics of Phylum Porifera. Habit: They are solitary or colonial. Symmetry: Asymmetrical or radially symmetrical. Germ layer: Diploblastic animals. The adult body wall contains two layers, outer dermal layer and inner gastral layer. In between these two layers, there is a gelatinous and non-cellular mesoglea containing numerous. Dimorphic fungi cause several common diseases including histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, and coccidioidomycosis. Dr. Roberts discusses the distribution and eco..
Introduction. Histoplasma spp. are environmental fungi capable of causing a wide range of human illnesses following inhalation. Most infections are asymptomatic or go unrecognized, and a smaller proportion of people develop acute or chronic pulmonary infection, disseminated disease, or other infectious or inflammatory sequelae.[] Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (POHS) is a vision. Histoplasmosis, Blastomycosis, Paracoccidiodomycosis, Zygomycosis are uncommon fungal infections in the oral cavity. This review delivers clinical features, diagnosis and management of fungal infections occurring in the oral cavity. World Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research. Histoplasmosis occurs throughout the world. In the United States, it is most common in the southeastern, mid-Atlantic, and central states, especially in the Mississippi and Ohio River valleys. Histoplasma fungus grows as a mold in the soil. You may get sick when you breathe in spores produced by the fungus Histoplasmosis is an infection that occurs from breathing in the spores of the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. The major features of the lungs include the bronchi, the bronchioles and the alveoli. The alveoli are the microscopic blood vessel-lined sacks in which oxygen and carbon dioxide gas are exchanged MICROBIOLOGY. The mold form of Histoplasma capsulatum grows in soil containing rotted bird or bat guano. Microconidia are the infectious particles of the mold, while the macroconidia are characteristic of the organism and provide a clue to its identification. H. capsulatum grows as a yeast above 35°C
Histoplasmosis is a type of lung infection. It is caused by inhaling Histoplasma capsulatum fungal spores. These spores are found in soil and in the droppings of bats and birds. This fungus mainly. Histoplasma is a saprophyte that exists in the mycelial form in nature ; Most Histoplasma is endemic to the Mississippi, Missouri and Ohio River valleys but disease occurs outside of these areas ; Lungs are the initial site of infection which occurs after inhalation of spores where Histoplasma converts to a yeast form at body temperature ; Overwhelming majority of cases are H. capsulatum var. Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) is a dimorphic fungus present worldwide in pockets of endemicity particularly associated with river valleys. The endemic regions in the United States are Ohio and Mississippi river valleys as well as southeastern states. It is a soil-based fungus, and when it is disturbed, the conidia become airborne and can be inhaled Radiographic features. Most patients with thoracic histoplasmosis are thought to have normal chest radiographs. Where there are findings, these can be non-specific to a range of infectious or inflammatory disorders and histoplasmosis is considered in the differential if the patient is known to have traveled in endemic regions
Fungi Journal of Review Histoplasmosis Diagnosed in Europe and Israel: A Case Report and Systematic Review of the Literature from 2005 to 2020 Spinello Antinori 1,2,* , Andrea Giacomelli 1,2, Mario Corbellino 2, Alessandro Torre 2, Marco Schiuma 1,2, Giacomo Casalini 1,2, Carlo Parravicini 3, Laura Milazzo 2, Cristina Gervasoni 2 and Anna Lisa Ridolfo 2 Citation: Antinori, S.; Giacomelli, A. Fungi - General characteristics • Mycology - myco, myce • Eukaryotic, aerobic • Heterotrophic - Complex nutritional requirements • Nutritional sources -Saprophytic • Decomposers - Opportunistic parasites •Host is usually compromised. Fungal cells - Histoplasm The Fungal Body. Fungi have well-defined characteristics that set them apart from other organisms. Most multicellular fungal bodies are made up of filaments called hyphae.Hyphae can form a network called a mycelium, which is the thallus (body) of the fungus (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)).Fungi are heterotrophs that excrete enzymes to digest food externally, then absorb the digested food Histoplasmosis is a deep mycosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum, which has been found in soil with accumulated excreta of bats and birds. This disease has variable clinical findings with only. Erratum. In the article, Central nervous system histoplasmosis: Multicenter retrospective study on clinical features, diagnostic approach and outcome of treatment , which appeared in Volume 97, Issue 13 of Medicine , Dr. Holenarasipur R. Vikram's middle initial was left out. Medicine. 97 (16):e0537, April 2018
The type of pulmonary histoplasmosis presents limited lesions to the lungs, with symptoms that are clinically and radiological similar to chronic pulmonary tuberculosis. This paper describes the clinical features of four cases of pulmonary histoplasmosis. Aspects of diagnostic and clinical, epidemiological, laboratorial and imaging exams are discussed, in addition to the clinical status of the.. Histoplasma capsulatum, the pathogen that causes histoplasmosis, a lung infection, is an example of a dimorphic fungus (Figure 2). Figure 2. Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic fungus that grows in soil exposed to bird feces or bat feces (guano) (top left). It can change forms to survive at different temperatures In most cases, histoplasmosis causes mild flu-like symptoms that appear between 3 and 17 days after exposure to the fungus. These symptoms include fever, chills, headache, muscle aches, cough and chest discomfort. In these milder forms, most symptoms go away on their own in a few weeks. If the exposure is heavy, or the patient more vulnerable.
Figure \(\PageIndex{6}\): The dark cells in this bright field light micrograph are the pathogenic yeast Histoplasma capsulatum, seen against a backdrop of light blue tissue. Histoplasma primarily infects lungs but can spread to other tissues, causing histoplasmosis, a potentially fatal disease 22.Know characteristics of Histoplasma capsulatum Darling's disease, Ohio Valley fever, spelunker's disease Dimorphic fungus Can be benign or severe, acute or chronic Most serious forms occur in patients with AIDS Chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis: signs and symptoms like tuberculosis Endemic to all continents except Australia High prevalence in OH, IL, MO, KY, TN, MI, GA, and AR 23.How do. Pulmonary histoplasmosis: Asymptomatic infection or self limited respiratory illness. Acute disease is characterized by fever, chills, dyspnea and cough. Subacute disease presents as persistent community acquired pneumonia, despite standard antibiotic treatment. Chronic disease presents as productive cough, low grade fever, weight loss and. Early diagnosis of histoplasmosis is essential to establish a suitable antifungal therapy and reduce morbidity and mortality rates. However, laboratory diagnosis remains challenging due to the low availability of proper methods and the lack of clinical suspicion. Conventional diagnosis is still largely used even though limitations are well known. Isolating the fungus is time consuming and. Histoplasmosis in Africa has markedly increased since the advent of the HIV/AIDS epidemic but is under-recognised. Pulmonary histoplasmosis may be misdiagnosed as tuberculosis (TB). In the last six decades (1952-2017), 470 cases of histoplasmosis have been reported. HIV-infected patients accounted for 38% (178) of the cases. West Africa had the highest number of recorded cases with 179; the.
Figure 6: Budding in Histoplasma. The dark cells in this bright field light micrograph are the pathogenic yeast Histoplasma capsulatum, seen against a backdrop of light blue tissue. Histoplasma primarily infects lungs but can spread to other tissues, causing histoplasmosis, a potentially fatal disease Histoplasmosis is caused by the dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. The fungal infection is endemic to the central and south-central United States, where it is especially common in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys. Histoplasmosis is also found in Latin America and the Caribbean and less commonly in other parts of the world Performance characteristics were further Laboratory diagnosis of histoplasmosis can be accom- defined by studying the assay linearity, precision, plished with histopathologic examination,9 culture, serology, percentage of positive agreement, and percentage of and antigen detection.1,3,10 Histopathologic examination is not negative agreement Histoplasmosis is an intracellular mycotic infection of the reticuloendothelial system caused by the inhalation of conidia from the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. Histoplasmosis has a world wide distribution, however, the Mississippi-Ohio River Valley in the U.S.A. is recognized as a major endemic region
If the address matches an existing account you will receive an email with instructions to retrieve your usernam Histoplasmosis is the most common endemic mycosis in the United States. Over 500,000 cases are diagnosed annually. Additionally, histoplasmosis is common in Latin America, the Caribbean Islands, parts of Asia, and Africa. Uncommonly cases are diagnosed in the United Kingdom and Europe. Histoplasmosis is an important opportunistic infection in patients with impaired cellular immunity. Gastrointestinal histoplasmosis may be manifest as chronic diarrhea with polypoid transformation of small and large bowel mucosa. Sequential light and electron microscopic findings on rectal biopsies obtained before, during, and 1 year after a course of amphotericin are compared. The initial biopsy showed numerous viable-appearing budding intracellular fungi Figure 24.7 Budding in Histoplasma. The dark cells in this bright field light micrograph are the pathogenic yeast Histoplasma capsulatum, seen against a backdrop of light blue tissue. Histoplasma primarily infects lungs but can spread to other tissues, causing histoplasmosis, a potentially fatal disease
Patient characteristics for 3,409 histoplasmosis cases reported to public health departments, 12 US states, 2011-2014*. *Median (range) age for 3,401 patients from 12 states was 49 (0-94) y. Other articles where Histoplasma capsulatum is discussed: histoplasmosis: >Histoplasma capsulatum, occurring in humans and other animals. The disease is contracted by the inhalation of dust containing spores of the fungus. H. capsulatum prefers moist, shady conditions and is found in woods, caves, cellars, silos, and old chicken houses. The droppings of certain type A granuloma is an aggregation of macrophages that forms in response to chronic inflammation.This occurs when the immune system attempts to isolate foreign substances that it is otherwise unable to eliminate. Such substances include infectious organisms including bacteria and fungi, as well as other materials such as foreign objects, keratin, and suture fragments Context.—Endovascular infection is an uncommon but devastating manifestation of histoplasmosis, which is often diagnosed late in disease.. Objectives.—To evaluate the clinical and pathologic characteristics of patients with endovascular infections caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.. Design.—All cases of patients with documented endovascular histoplasmosis at a single tertiary care center.